HOLLANDERS OF IOWA

BY

JACOB VAN DER ZEE

Submitted by Gayle Harper

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-A-

Ackley, Hollanders in, 194; church at, 307, 419

Africa, 145

Agricultural College, Hollanders at, 274

Agricultural products, 346, 347

Agricultural settlements, beginning of, 21

Agriculture, success of Hollanders in, 329-336

Akkermann, d., 412

Albany (New York), settlement of Dutch at, 16; reference to, 26, 58, 187; Scholte at, 48, 54; treatment of Scholte at, 210

Albion Township (Butler County), Hollanders in, 194

Alexander (Iowa), 404; church at, 419

Aliens, landing-place for, 120

Alleghany Mountains, method of crossing, 51; reference to, 52

Allegiance to United States, taking of oath of, 211, 212

Alton, completion of railroad to, 147, 187; former name of, 186; proportion of Hollanders in, 187; reference to, 191, 282, 284, 354; population of, 202; efforts of, to secure county seat, 243; Dutch church at, 301; municipal improvements at, 326; mass meetings at, 358, 359; visit of Wessels at, 359

Alton Democrat, The, 255

America, beginning of Dutch interest in, 16; character of Dutch colonization in, 22-24; dominance of Anglo-Saxon influences in, 25; importance of Dutch in colonization of, 25, 26; causes for immigration to, 30; reasons for turning of Dutch to, 37-41, 317; attitude of Hollanders toward, 39, 40; journey of Hollanders to. 42; region in, desired by Hollanders, 43; arrival of Hollanders in, 45, 46, 47; arrival of Scholte in, 48; necessity of information concerning, 49; dangers at seaports of, 49, 50; reception of Dutch in, 54; exaggerated reports from, 96; information relative to journey to, 98; false statements concerning emigrants to, 99, 100; advantages of, for emigrants, 108; benefit of Dutch immigration to, 154, 155; reports of visitors to, 154, 155; book on, by Hollander, 187, 188; contrast between political conditions in Holland and, 208, 209; political conditions in, discussed by Scholte, 209, 210; , importance of newspapers in, 247; contrast between schools in Holland and, 256; hesitancy of Scholte to join church in, 294; most prosperous Dutch farming community in, 332; advice to immigrants to, 339348; agricultural products of, 346, 347: religious life in, 347; schools in, 947; purchase of horses in, by English, 361, 362

American party, doctrines of, 221; opposition of Hollanders to, 221

American Reformed Church, congregations of, 302

Americans, attitude of, toward Hollanders, 50, 51, 55, 56, 213, 216, 218; self-sufficiency of, 79; spending of money by, 79, 80; rush of, to California, 84, 85; number of, in Pella, 107; business activities of, 107, 110; gratitude of Hollanders to, 107; satisfaction of Iowa with immigration of, 116; price of land raised by, 141; difficulties of Hollanders with, in Sioux County, 144; proportion of, in Sioux County, 186, 201-203; interest of, in politics, 221; offices in Sioux County in hands of, 255; efforts of, to exclude Hollanders from office, 239, 240; differences between Hollanders and, in religion, 314

Amersfoort, 26

Ames, 274

Amsterdam (Holland), colony from, 21; reference to, 89, 151; conferences of Hospers at, 152; money for Boers sent to, 355

Amsterdam (Iowa), laying out of, 89, 214; expectations for prosperity of, 89, 90; early growth of., 90; blighting of hopes of, 90; disappearance of, 90; reason for laying out of, 92; price of lots at, 99; skating on lake near, 114; location of, 390

Amsterdam (Wisconsin), 251

Amusements of Hollanders, 328, 329

Amsterdamsche Handelsblad, Het, 247

Anglican Church, attempt to impose, on Dutch, 27

Anti-Masonic movement, 307

Aplington, church at, 419

Appleton (Wisconsin), 251

Arboriculture, attitude of Hollanders toward, 320, 321

Archer, Dutch church at, 302

Artisans, wages of, 81

Asia, 145

Atheists, exclusion of, from emigrant associations, 43

Atlantic Ocean, voyage across, 47; deaths on voyage across, 53

Aue, C., 414

Aue, John F. D., newspaper edited by, 255

Australia, 373

Austria-Hungary, 376

Automobiles, use of, by Hollanders, 335

Avignon (France), 145

Awtry, G., election of, as trustee, 214

Axel (Holland), conference of Hospers at, 152

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Backwoodsman, character of, 80

Baker Township (O'Brien County), Hollanders in, 200

Bakers, 80

Balkema, Albert, office held by, 242

Balkema, Nicholas, service of, as Senator, 244

Baltimore (Maryland), arrival of Hollanders at, 47, 48, 50; journey to St. Louis from, 48-53; description of, 50; departure of Hollanders from, 51; reference to, 53

Baptist Church, 109, 296

Baptists, college established by, 107, 263, 276-279

Barendregt, Hendrik, letter to Scholte from, 45, 339-348; election of, as overseer of poor, 214

Barendregt, Peter, 223

Barley, production of, in Sioux County, 332

Batavi, descendants of, 15

Batavia, 195

Bates, Curtis, 220

Beaver (Pennsylvania), 99

Belgic Confession, 305

Belgic Netherlands, emigrants from, 16

Belgium, 352, 376

Bell, Miss Currer, 137

Belmond, church at, 419

Beloit (Iowa), Hollanders at, 159

Benevolences, 311, 312

Benton, Thomas H., Jr., vote of Hollanders for, 231

Benton County, number of Hollanders in, 104, 193

Bergen (New Jersey), 26

Berkshire hogs, 334

Bermuda Islands, clothing for Boer prisoners on, 311, 361

Bethany, Dutch church at, 297

Bethel Church, 297

Bethlehem, Dutch church at, 297

Betten, Rev. Anthony J., 46, 180, 190, 295; election of, as trustee, 214; church services conducted by, 290

Betten, Anthony J., acknowledgments to, 9; office held by, 235, 237, 242; reference to, 240, 348 379, 382, 412

Betten, Herman, office held by, 242

Big Sioux River, settlers on, 138; reference to, 237

Black Hawk County, Hollanders in, 194; reference to, 396

Black Oak Township (Mahaska County), Hollanders in, 104, 197; vote for Roosevelt in, 232

Blacksmith shops, 110

Boekenoogen, G., office held by, 224

Boeyink, John, office held by, 242

Boer war, attitude of Hollanders during, 349-362

Boers, 243, 425; relief supplies for, 311; interest of Hollanders in success of, 349; collection of money for, 350-354, 355, 359-362; appeal for aid for, 351-353; rejoicing of Hollanders at victories of, 353; reports of raising of men to aid, 354; resolutions of councils relative to, 355-358; Hollanders in armies of, 359

Bolks, A., 358

Books, George J., office held by, 242

Books, Seine, cheerfulness of, 172; service of, to Dutch colony, 178, 298, 301; reference to, 184, 418; experiences of, in Michigan, 281; character of preaching by, 301, 302; portrait of, 403

Bonds, suit relative to, in Sioux County, 237, 238; settlement of case relative to, 238

Books, lack of, 324

Boston, arrival of Hollanders at, 46; arrival of Scholte at, 48; visit of Scholte at, 54

Bousquet, A. E. D., efforts of, to build up colony, 90, 91; interest of, in higher education, 276; reference to, 279, 291, 296, 391

Bousquet, Henry L., office held by, 233

Bousquet, Herman F., office held by, 233

Bousquet, Pierre H., office held by, 233

Boyden, Dutch church at, 186, 302; reference to, 191, 284; population of, 203; plan for parochial school at, 269; money raised for Boers at, 360

Breda, Hollanders in, 195

Breuckelen, 26

Brick-kilns, 80, 90, 110

British, ships of, burned by Dutch, 246; rejoicing at disasters of, 353

British Isles, immigrants from, 25

Brooklyn (New York), 26

Brummelkamp, Anthony, 32, 295; emigration encouraged by, 42-44

Brussels, money for Boers sent to, 355

Bryan, William J., vote of Hollanders for, 232, 359

Buchanan, James, vote for, 226 Buckwheat, 77

Buena Vista County, missionary in, 128

Buffalo (New York), 98, 99

Buffalo Center, church at, 419

Buncombe Township (Sioux County), 138

Burlington, number of Hollanders in, 103; stage route to Council Bluffs from, 1.12; reference to, 230, 387; Dutch church in, 296

Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, 113

Bushwyck (New York), 26

Business life, 326, 327

Business men, debt due to, 178

Bussey, Hollanders in vicinity of, 196

Butler County, Hollanders in, 104, 194; churches in, 419, 420

Butter, making of, by Hollanders, 77

-C-

Caesar, 65

Calhoun County, 128

California, rush of gold seekers to, 84, 85; Hollanders in, 376

Calliope, 138; method of reaching, 145; removal of county seat from, 147, 148, 237; county seat at, 235; journey of officers to, 235; journey of Hollanders to, 236; safe taken from, 236, 237; safe returned to, 237; newspaper removed from, 252

Canada, immigrants from, in Sioux County, 187, 189; reference to, 254, 308

Canadians, proportion of, in Sioux County, 186

Canals, travel on, 51

Cape Colony, 374

Capel Township (Sioux County), establishment of, 185; proportion of Hollanders in, 187, 201

Capital, new site for, 91, 92; petitions for removal of, to Pella, 223

Carmel, Dutch church at, 186, 302

Carnegie-Viersen Library, 324

Carnes, Dutch church at, 306

Carpenter, C. C., 165, 237, 401

Carpenters, 110

Carroll County, Hollanders in, 195

Carroll Township (O'Brien County), Hollanders in, 200

Cass, Lewis, 216

Castle Garden, landing-place for aliens at, 120

"Catharina Jackson" (ship), 46

Cathay, 16

Catholic church, 267

Catholics, 195, 418

Cattle, 161; herding of, 182; raising of, in Sioux County, 333, fine breeds of, 334

Cedar Grove (Wisconsin), 251

Cedar Rapids Republican, The, 255

Celery, raising of, 420, 421

Census, statistics from, 103-105, 179-207

Center Township (Sioux County), population of, 203

Central University, establishment of, 107; preparatory department of, 111, 273; higher education received at, 274; sketch of history of, 276-279

Cerro Gordo County, Hollanders in, 194

Chamberlain, Joseph, 356

Chancellor (South Dakota), 204

Chapin, church at, 419

Cheese, making of, by Hollanders, 77, 78

Cherokee, government road to, 129; description of, in 1869, 129; reference to, 130, 131; land near, purchased by speculators, 132

Cherokee County, available land in, 131; reference to, 133

Chicago, 57, 99, 158; Dutch emigrants from, 1.40; Hollanders in, 157, 158, 376; money for fire sufferers at, 311

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, 18 7

Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railroad, 202

Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 187

Chicago- Convention, Scholte as delegate to, 229

Chicago Times-Herald, correspondence in, 354

China, search for passage to, 16

Christelijke Uitdeeler, De, 252

Christian Church at Pella, organization of, 288; split in, 291; breach between Scholte and, 291, 292; merging of, 432, into Dutch Reformed Church, 295; dissolution of, 297

Christian Reformed Church, congregations of, 29, 194, 419, 420; reference to, 109, 110, 313, 420; parochial schools of, 268-270; plan of, to establish academy, 270; sketch of history of, in Iowa, 305-309; education of ministers of, 307; total membership of, 308, 376, 377; reasons for recent growth of, 308, 309; relations between Dutch Reformed Church and, 310. 311; language used in, 314, 315; number of schools maintained by, 414

Christian schools, 266-270; reasons for establishing, 268, 269

Church, regulations for, approved by William I, 31; government of, 31; irregularities in, 31; secession from, 31, 32; Seceders excommunicated by, 32; separation of men and women at, 312; attendance at, 312, 313; effect of, on life of Hollanders, 318

Church Square, controversy over, 291, 292

Churches, number of, in New Netherland, 26, 27; increase in number of, 27; distribution of, 29; early history of, at Pella, 288-293; history of Dutch, in Iowa, 294, 309; establishment of, 295-298, 302; relations between, 310, 311

Cincinnati (Ohio), railroad from Sandusky to, 99

Civil War, Dutch immigration during, 104; reference to, 113; service of Hollanders in, 230; Central University students in, 278

Clara City (Minnesota), 204

Clark, Dan E., acknowledgments to, 9

Clark, Green F., election of, as justice of peace, 214

Classis of East Friesland, 307, 308; congregations of, 419, 420

Clay, Henry, 220, 228

Clay County, church in, 419

Clay Township (Marion County), Hollanders in, 196

Clearwater (Minnesota), 251

Clergy, salaries of, 31; education of. 31

Clerk of district court, 235, 242

Climate, 346

Clinton, Hollanders in, 193

Clinton County, Hollanders in, 193; reference to, 396

Clydesdale stallions, 334

Coal, premium for discovery of, 238

Code Napoleon, 32, 379

Cole, Cyrenus, newspapers edited by, 255

Colonists, neglect of, 19, 21 

Colonization, conditions unfavorable to, 17; resolution to encourage, 18, 19; part played by Dutch in, 22-24

Colorado, Dutch churches in, 29; reference to, 84, 254; emigration to, 199, 204

Colorado locusts, 171

Columbia (Pennsylvania), 51, 385 

Columbia Township (Tama County), Hollanders in, 193

Columbia Township (Wapello County), Hollanders in, 104

Committee (legislative), investigation of locust ravages by, 165-169

Committee of Investigation (1847), choice of land by, 61-64

Committee of Investigation (1869), members of first, 127; operations of first, 127-131; appointment of second, 131; authority of second, 132; members of second, 132; choice of Sioux County by second,132-135

Community life among Hollanders, 317-336

Conemaugh Valley, 51

Confession of Faith, 31

Congregationalists, 418

Congress, provision for improvement of Des Moines River by, 88, 89;act of, relative to locust sufferers,171

Connecticut River, 16, 18

Constables, election of, 214

Constitution of 1857, vote of Hollanders on, 226

Coopers, 110

Copperheads at Pella, 230

Corn, 77, 160, 171; plan for shipping of, 91; production of, in Sioux County, 332

Corn-mills, 110

Corsica (South Dakota), 204

Council Bluffs, talk of railroad from Dubuque to, 92; stage route, from Burlington to, 112; reference to, 132, 411; Hollanders in, 194

Councilmen, 109

Counties, number of Hollanders in, 104, 105

Country life among Hollanders, 329 336

County auditor, 235, 242

County clerk, 233

County recorder, 233

County seat, removal of, from Calliope, 147, 148; choice of Orange City as, 180; desire for change of, from Knoxville, 213; retention of, at Knoxville, 214; reference to, 235; removal of, to Orange City, 237; proposition to relocate, 243

County Superintendent, 242

County Supervisors, 233, 235, 242

County surveyor, 150, 222

County treasurer, 233, 242

Courthouse, building of, at Orange City, 238

Cows, cost of, 343

Creed, maintenance of, 31

Cronje, Piet, 355

Crops, destruction of, by locusts, 163, 170, 171; need for variety of, 172

Cuba, 243

Cumberland Road, 386

Cummins, Albert B., vote of Hollanders for, 241

Curtis, Samuel R., efforts of Scholte in behalf of, 229

Customs, passing of, 340, 341

-D-

Dairy farming, popularity of, 78; opportunities for, 344

Dallas (Texas), 251

Danish language, pamphlet translated into, 121

Davenport, 85; Hollanders in, 193; Dutch church at, 296, 297

Dealy, William, 399

De Bey, Albert, office held by, 242 

Debts, burden of, 174, 175, 177 

De Cock, Henry, 32

De Cook, Stephen, office held by, 233 

De Haan, Jacob, 412

Dekker, H., service of, in Boer armies, 359

Delaware, prosperity of Dutch in, 25; reference to, 26

Delaware River, 18, 21

De Lespinasse, A. F. H., medical school opened by, 280, 281

Democracy, evidences of, among Hollanders, 325, 326

Democratic party, reasons for support of, by Hollanders, 222; support of, by Hollanders, 224-232, 241 ; desertion of, by Scholte, 227-229, 407; reference to, 349

Democratic State Convention, Scholte as delegate to, 227

Democrats, 219; vote of Hollanders for, 220

De Mots, Ed., office held by, 242

Den Hartog, Cornelius, election of, as overseer of poor, 214

Denmark, 376

De Pree, James, 399, 404

Derbyites, society of, 297

De Spelder, John A., 282

Des Moines, completion of railroad to, 113; reference to, 132, 251, 275; Hollanders in, 195

Des Moines rapids, 87

Des Moines River, purchase of land on, 64; reference to, 70, 196, 197, 198, 213, 336, 390; saw-mills on, 75, 110; post-office on, 86; provisions for improvement of, 88, 89; town of Amsterdam on, 89; high water on, 90; impracticability of improvement of, 90; navigation of, 90, 91; railroad land grants in valley of, 113; town laid out on, 214; agitation for improvement of, 215; land appropriated for improvement of, 388

Des Moines Steamboat Company, 91

Des Moines Township (Jasper County), Hollanders in, 197

Des Moines Valley Railroad, Pella reached by, 113

De Visser, A., election of, as fence viewer, 214

De Wild, John, newspaper published by, 255

De Witt, Hollanders in, 193

Dialects, variety of, 327 Dingman, Mr., 180

Dissenters, desire of, for Christian education, 34; reasons for opposition of, to Java, 38; reference to, 42, 43; emigrant association formed by, 44; distribution of, 382; (see also Seceders and Separatists)

Doctors, 110

Doctrinal Rules of the Synod of Dort, 31

Dodge, Augustus C., vote of Hollanders for, 229

Dokkum (Friesland), pamphlet published in, 116

Donner, Rev., 295

Doon, purchase of land near, 159; interest in parochial school at, 269; Dutch church at, 302, 306

Dordrecht (Holland), conference of Hospers at, 152

Douglas, Stephen A., vote for, 229 

Drenthe (Holland), 327, 363 

Dress, simplicity of, 323

Dronrijp (Holland), conference of Hospers at, 152

Drug stores, 111

Druggists, 110

Dubuque, talk of railroad to Council Bluffs from, 92; Hollanders in, 103, 193; reference to, 195, 230

Dubuque County, Hollanders in, 104, 105, 192, 193

Dug-outs, description of, 74, 75, 142, 143

Duinink, A., 412

Durham cattle, 334

Duroc Jersey hogs, 334

Dutch, origins and present-day conditions of, in Iowa, 7 ; sources for history of, in Iowa, 8 ; early settlements of, 15-24; beginning of interest of, in America, 15, 16; region claimed by, 16; capture of Spanish ships by, 17; interest of, in fur trade, 18; plan for direction of., to America, 18;-amalgamation of English and, 22, 26; number of, in New York, 22; character of colonization by, 22-24; prosperity of 25; adherence of, to Dutch Reformed Church, 25, 26; disappearance of institutions and language of, 27; emigration of, from New York, 27; increase in number of churches of, 27; part of, in westward movement, 28; reasons for turning of, to America, 37-41; necessity of emigration recognized by, 37; reception of, in America, 54-56; settlement of, in Michigan, 57; attitude of, toward backwoodsmen, 80; financial condition of, 95; twenty-five years of immigration of, 101-105: number of, in Pella, 107; frontier stage of society among, 108 ; encouragement of immigration of, by State, 115-122; new settlement of, advised, 122; honesty of, 162, 163; expulsion of Spanish and French by, 185; progress and expansion of, in Iowa, 192-207; clannishness of, 200; anxiety of, to improve farms, 219, 220; carelessness of, at elections, 224; imitative faculty of, 319; effect of, upon American character, 373 (see also Hollanders)

Dutch Church, Garden of the, 27

Dutch government, neglect of colonists by, 21

Dutch language, Governors' messages printed in, 118, 119; pamphlet translated into, 121; reason for not publishing newspaper in, 245, 246; news in, published by Scholte, 247, 248; service of newspapers in perpetuating, 255; question of preaching in, 296; ministers trained to preach in, 303; preaching in, 314, 315; dialects of, 363; forces tending toward maintenance of, 363, 364; gradual disappearance of, 365, 366

Dutch Presbyterian Church, 297

Dutch Reformed Church, importance of, 25, 26, 374, 375; growth and prosperity of, 27, 28; congregations of, 29, 185, 186, 194, 419; parochial school of, 266-268; college of, in Michigan, 274; reference to, 283, 284, 285, 313; sketch of history of, in Iowa, 294-304; education of ministers of, 303; total membership of, 304, 377; reasons for secessions from, 305, 306; controversy over secret societies in, 307; relation between Christian Reformed Church and, 310, 311; language used in, 314, 315

Dutch settlers, descendants of early, 375

Dwellings, character of first, 73, 74, 75, 141-143; character of, in Pella, 76; improvement of, 162; description of, 167, 168, 322, 323

Dykes, building of, along Skunk River, 198

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